![]() The most comprehensive comparison of nucleotide-level annotation tools so far. Genome annotation assessment in Drosophila melanogaster. Two methods for improving performance of an HMM and their application for gene finding. Identification of human gene structure using linear discriminant functions and dynamic programming. Identification of protein coding regions in the human genome by quadratic discriminant analysis. Predicting internal exons by oligonucleotide composition and discriminant analysis of spliceable open reading frames. Locating protein-coding regions in human DNA sequences by a multiple sensor–neural network approach. Heuristic approach to deriving models for gene finding. Genie - gene finding in Drosophila melanogaster. The first description of GENSCAN and one of the best introductions to hidden Markov model-based gene-prediction programs. Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA. Integration of cytogenetic landmarks into the draft sequence of the human genome. SSAHA: A fast search method for large DNA databases. A landmark paper describing the human 'rough draft' (public version) and its annotation. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC). A landmark paper describing the human 'rough draft' (private version) and its annotation. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The sequencing and annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster genome.Īrabidopsis Genomics Initiative (AGI). The sequencing and annotation of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. The description of how the first eukaryotic genome was sequenced and annotated. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. There are several approaches to genome annotation: the factory (reliance on automation), museum (manual curation), cottage industry (exemplified by Proteome, Inc.) and party (the Celera Drosophila annotation jamboree).Īs more scientists come to rely on genome annotation, it will become more important for the scientific community as a whole to contribute to this continuing process.įleischmann, R. The Gene Ontology Consortium is helping to solve this problem. One of the obstacles to this level of annotation has been the inconsistency of terms used by different model systems. Understanding the function of genes and their products in the context of cellular and organismal physiology is the goal of process-level annotation. ![]() Nevertheless, half of the predicted proteins in a new genome sequence tend to have no obvious function. Databases of protein sequences and functional domains and motifs are powerful resources for this type of annotation. The principal aim of protein-level annotation is to assign function to the products of the genome. Nucleotide-level annotation also allows the integration of genome sequence with other genetic and physical maps of the genome. For complex genomes, the most successful methods use a combination of ab initio gene prediction and sequence comparison with expressed sequence databases and other organisms. Gene finding is a chief aspect of nucleotide-level annotation. Genome annotation can be classified into three levels: the nucleotide, protein and process levels. Now that many genome sequences are available, attention is shifting towards developing and improving approaches for genome annotation.
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